[ai] Memory Optimizations

MEMORY_OPTIMIZATIONS.md

@@ -4,6 +4,109 @@ This document summarizes the memory optimizations implemented to resolve out-of-
 
 ## Implemented Optimizations
 
+
+### Improvement for /directory
+Implemented a backpressure-safe, low-heap HTML streaming solution to prevent AsyncTCP cbuf resize OOM during /directory.
+
+Root cause
+
+- The previous implementation used AsyncResponseStream (a Print) and wrote faster than the TCP stack could drain. Under client/network backpressure, AsyncTCP’s cbuf tried to grow and failed: cbuf.resize() -> WebResponses write(): Failed to allocate.
+
+Fix implemented
+
+- Switched /directory to AsyncChunkedResponse with a stateful generator that only produces bytes when the TCP layer is ready.
+- Generates one entry at a time, respecting maxLen provided by the framework. This prevents buffer growth and heap spikes.
+- No yield() needed; backpressure is handled by the chunked response callback scheduling.
+
+Code changes
+
+1. Added a tiny accessor to fetch file id at index
+
+- Header: src/DirectoryNode.h
+
+  - Added: uint16_t getFileIdAt(size_t i) const;
+
+- Source: src/DirectoryNode.cpp
+
+  - Implemented: uint16_t DirectoryNode::getFileIdAt(size_t i) const { return (i < ids.size()) ? ids[i] : 0; }
+
+2. Replaced /directory handler with AsyncChunkedResponse generator
+
+- File: src/main.cpp
+
+- New logic (high level):
+
+  - DirectoryHtmlStreamState holds an explicit traversal stack of frames {node, fileIdx, childIdx, headerDone}.
+
+  - next(buffer, maxLen) fills output up to maxLen with:
+
+    - Single top-level \n
+    - A name\n for non-root directories (kept original behavior—no nested per subdir)
+    - One filename\n per file
+    - Depth-first traversal across subdirectories
+    - Closes with \n when done
+
+  - Uses snprintf into the chunk buffer and a simple copy loop for filenames, avoiding extra heap allocations.
+
+  - Frees generator state when finished and also on client disconnect.
+
+3. Minor improvements in the chunked generator
+
+- Normalized newline literals to \n (not escaped).
+- Used single quotes around HTML attribute values to simplify C string escaping and reduce mistakes.
+
+What remains unchanged
+
+- DirectoryNode::streamDirectoryHTML(Print&) is left intact but no longer used by /directory. Mapping/State endpoints continue using their existing streaming; they are small and safe.
+
+Why this eliminates the crashes
+
+- AsyncChunkedResponse only invokes the generator when there’s space to send more, so AsyncTCP’s cbuf won’t grow unbounded. The generator respects the maxLen and yields 0 on completion, eliminating the resize path that previously caused OOM.
+
+Build and flash instructions
+
+- Your environment doesn’t have PlatformIO CLI available. Options:
+
+  1. VSCode PlatformIO extension: Use the “Build” and “Upload” tasks from the PlatformIO toolbar.
+
+  2. Install PlatformIO CLI:
+
+     - python3 -m pip install --user platformio
+     - $HOME/.local/bin must be in PATH (or use full path).
+     - Then build: pio run -e d1_mini32
+     - Upload: pio run -e d1_mini32 -t upload
+
+  3. Arduino IDE/CLI: Import and build the sketch there if preferred.
+
+Runtime test checklist
+
+- Open serial monitor at 115200, reset device.
+
+- Hit [](http://DEVICE_IP/directory)<http://DEVICE_IP/directory> in a browser; the page should render fully without OOM or crash.
+
+- Simulate slow client backpressure:
+
+  - curl --limit-rate 5k [](http://DEVICE_IP/directory)<http://DEVICE_IP/directory> -v -o /dev/null
+  - Observe no “[E][cbuf.cpp:104] resize(): failed to allocate temporary buffer” or “WebResponses write(): Failed to allocate”
+
+- Watch heap logs during serving; you should see stable heap with no large dips.
+
+- If desired, repeat with multiple concurrent connections to /directory to verify robustness.
+
+Optional follow-ups
+
+- If mapping ever grows large, convert /mapping to AsyncChunkedResponse using the same pattern.
+- If your ESP32 has PSRAM, enabling it can further reduce heap pressure, but the chunked approach is already robust.
+- Consider enabling CONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_MAX_ACK_TIME tune if you want more aggressive backpressure timing; your platformio.ini already has some AsyncTCP stack tweaks noted.
+
+Summary
+
+- Replaced Print-based recursive streaming with a chunked, backpressure-aware generator for /directory.
+- This removes the cbuf resize failure path and should stop the crashes you observed while still using minimal heap.
+
+
+
+
 ### 2. DirectoryNode Structure Optimization (✅ COMPLETED)
 - **Added vector reserve calls** in `buildDirectoryTree()` to reduce heap fragmentation
 - **Memory saved**: Reduces fragmentation and improves allocation efficiency

platformio.ini

@@ -13,24 +13,24 @@ platform = https://github.com/pioarduino/platform-espressif32/releases/download/
 board = wemos_d1_mini32
 framework = arduino
 lib_deps = 
-	ESP32Async/AsyncTCP@3.3.8
+  	ESP32Async/ESPAsyncWebServer@3.9.2
-  	ESP32Async/ESPAsyncWebServer@3.7.9
 	alanswx/ESPAsyncWiFiManager@0.31
 	miguelbalboa/MFRC522@^1.4.12
-	bblanchon/ArduinoJson@^6.21.3
 monitor_speed = 115200
 build_flags = 
-    -Os                                    ; Optimize for size
+    -Os                                   ; Optimize for size
-    -DCORE_DEBUG_LEVEL=0                  ; Disable all debug output
+   -DDEBUG                               ; Hannabox Debugging
-    -DARDUINO_LOOP_STACK_SIZE=3072        ; Further reduce from 4096
+;   -DCORE_DEBUG_LEVEL=0                  ; Disable all debug output
-    -DWIFI_TASK_STACK_SIZE=3072           ; Reduce WiFi task stack
+;   -DARDUINO_LOOP_STACK_SIZE=4096        ; Balanced to avoid stack canary without starving heap
-    -DARDUINO_EVENT_TASK_STACK_SIZE=2048  ; Reduce event task stack
+;   -DWIFI_TASK_STACK_SIZE=3072           ; Reduce WiFi task stack
-    -DTCPIP_TASK_STACK_SIZE=2048          ; Reduce TCP/IP stack
+;   -DARDUINO_EVENT_TASK_STACK_SIZE=2048  ; Reduce event task stack
-    -DESP_TASK_WDT_TIMEOUT_S=10           ; Reduce watchdog timeout
+;   -DTCPIP_TASK_STACK_SIZE=2048          ; Reduce TCP/IP stack
-  	-DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_MAX_ACK_TIME=3000   
+;   -DESP_TASK_WDT_TIMEOUT_S=10           ; Reduce watchdog timeout
-  	-DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_PRIORITY=10         ; (keep default)
+   -DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_MAX_ACK_TIME=5000   ; (keep default)
-  	-DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_QUEUE_SIZE=64       ; (keep default)
+   -DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_PRIORITY=10         ; (keep default)
-  	-DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_RUNNING_CORE=1      ; force async_tcp task to be on same core as Arduino app (default is any core)
+   -DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_QUEUE_SIZE=64       ;(keep default)
-  	-DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_STACK_SIZE=4096     ; reduce the stack size (default is 16K)
+   -DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_RUNNING_CORE=1      ;force async_tcp task to be on same core as Arduino app (default is any core)
+   -DCONFIG_ASYNC_TCP_STACK_SIZE=4096     ; reduce AsyncTCP task stack (default is 16k)
+
 monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 board_build.partitions = huge_app.csv

src/DirectoryNode.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #include "DirectoryNode.h"
 #include "globals.h"
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>    // strlen, strlcpy, strlcat
+#include <strings.h>  // strcasecmp
+
+char DirectoryNode::buffer[DirectoryNode::buffer_size];
 
 DirectoryNode::DirectoryNode(const String &nodeName)
-    : name(nodeName), currentPlaying(nullptr)
+    : name(nodeName), currentPlaying("")
 {
     id = DirectoryNode::idCounter;
     DirectoryNode::idCounter++;
@@ -37,19 +41,86 @@ const std::vector<String> &DirectoryNode::getMP3Files() const
     return mp3Files;
 }
 
-void DirectoryNode::setCurrentPlaying(const String *mp3File)
+const String &DirectoryNode::getDirPath() const
 {
-    currentPlaying = mp3File;
+    return dirPath;
-    for (int i = 0; i < mp3Files.size(); i++)
+}
+
+uint16_t DirectoryNode::getFileIdAt(size_t i) const
+{
+    return (i < ids.size()) ? ids[i] : 0;
+}
+
+
+
+String DirectoryNode::buildFullPath(const String &fileName) const
+{
+    if (dirPath == "/")
     {
-        if (mp3Files[i] == *mp3File && ids.size() > i)
+        String p = "/";
+        p += fileName;
+        return p;
+    }
+    String p = dirPath;
+    p += "/";
+    p += fileName;
+    return p;
+}
+
+bool DirectoryNode::comparePathWithString(const char* path, const String& target) const
+{
+    // Convert target to char* for comparison
+    const char* targetStr = target.c_str();
+    
+    // Case-insensitive string comparison
+    return strcasecmp(path, targetStr) == 0;
+}
+
+void DirectoryNode::buildFullPath(const String &fileName, char* out, size_t n) const
+{
+    if (n == 0) return;
+    out[0] = '\0';
+
+    if (dirPath == "/")
+    {
+        strlcat(out, "/", n);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        strlcpy(out, dirPath.c_str(), n);
+        strlcat(out, "/", n);
+    }
+
+    strlcat(out, fileName.c_str(), n);
+}
+
+void DirectoryNode::setCurrentPlaying(const String &mp3File)
+{
+    bool isAbs = (mp3File.length() > 0) && (mp3File.charAt(0) == '/');
+    const String &fileName = isAbs ? mp3File.substring(mp3File.lastIndexOf('/') + 1) : mp3File;
+    
+    if (isAbs)
+    {
+        currentPlaying = mp3File;  // Already absolute path
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // Use buffer for building relative path
+        buildFullPath(fileName, buffer, buffer_size);
+        currentPlaying = String(buffer);  // Convert back to String for assignment
+    }
+    
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mp3Files.size(); i++)
+    {
+        if (mp3Files[i] == fileName && ids.size() > i)
         {
             currentPlayingId = ids[i];
+            break;
         }
     }
 }
 
-const String *DirectoryNode::getCurrentPlaying() const
+const String &DirectoryNode::getCurrentPlaying() const
 {
     return currentPlaying;
 }
@@ -82,7 +153,7 @@ void DirectoryNode::setSecondsPlayed(const uint32_t seconds)
     secondsPlayed = seconds;
 }
 
-uint32_t DirectoryNode::getSecondsPlayed()
+uint32_t DirectoryNode::getSecondsPlayed() const
 {
     return secondsPlayed;
 }
@@ -98,11 +169,25 @@ void DirectoryNode::buildDirectoryTree(const char *currentPath)
     mp3Files.clear();
     ids.clear();
 
+    // Set directory path for this node (normalize: keep "/" or remove trailing slash)
+    String path = String(currentPath);
+    if (path.length() > 1 && path.endsWith("/"))
+    {
+        path.remove(path.length() - 1);
+    }
+    dirPath = path;
+
     // First collect entries so we can sort them alphabetically
     std::vector<String> dirNames;
     std::vector<String> fileNames;
 
     File rootDir = SD.open(currentPath);
+    if (!rootDir)
+    {
+        Serial.print(F("buildDirectoryTree: failed to open path: "));
+        Serial.println(currentPath);
+        return;
+    }
     while (true)
     {
         File entry = rootDir.openNextFile();
@@ -111,29 +196,35 @@ void DirectoryNode::buildDirectoryTree(const char *currentPath)
             break;
         }
 
-        if (entry.isDirectory() && entry.name()[0] != '.' && strcmp(entry.name(), sys_dir))
+        if (entry.isDirectory() && entry.name()[0] != '.' && strcmp(entry.name(), sys_dir) != 0)
         {
-            dirNames.push_back(String(entry.name()));
+            dirNames.emplace_back(entry.name());
         }
         else
         {
             String entryName = entry.name();
             if (entryName.endsWith(".mp3") || entryName.endsWith(".MP3"))
             {
-                fileNames.push_back(entryName);
+                fileNames.push_back(std::move(entryName));
             }
         }
         entry.close();
     }
     rootDir.close();
 
-    // Case-insensitive alphabetical sort
+    // Case-insensitive alphabetical sort without allocations
     auto ciLess = [](const String &a, const String &b) {
-        String al = a;
+        const char* pa = a.c_str();
-        String bl = b;
+        const char* pb = b.c_str();
-        al.toLowerCase();
+        while (*pa && *pb) {
-        bl.toLowerCase();
+            char ca = *pa++;
-        return al.compareTo(bl) < 0;
+            char cb = *pb++;
+            if (ca >= 'A' && ca <= 'Z') ca += 'a' - 'A';
+            if (cb >= 'A' && cb <= 'Z') cb += 'a' - 'A';
+            if (ca < cb) return true;
+            if (ca > cb) return false;
+        }
+        return *pa < *pb;
     };
     std::sort(dirNames.begin(), dirNames.end(), ciLess);
     std::sort(fileNames.begin(), fileNames.end(), ciLess);
@@ -143,38 +234,55 @@ void DirectoryNode::buildDirectoryTree(const char *currentPath)
     mp3Files.reserve(fileNames.size());
     ids.reserve(fileNames.size());
 
-    // Create subdirectories in alphabetical order
+    // Add MP3 files in alphabetical order first to free fileNames memory before recursing
-    for (const String &dirName : dirNames)
-    {
-        DirectoryNode *newNode = new DirectoryNode(dirName);
-        subdirectories.push_back(newNode);
-
-        String childPath = String(currentPath);
-        if (!childPath.endsWith("/"))
-            childPath += "/";
-        childPath += dirName;
-
-        newNode->buildDirectoryTree(childPath.c_str());
-    }
-
-    // Add MP3 files in alphabetical order
     for (const String &fileName : fileNames)
     {
-        String fullPath = String(currentPath);
+        mp3Files.push_back(fileName);
-        if (!fullPath.endsWith("/"))
-            fullPath += "/";
-        fullPath += fileName;
-
-        mp3Files.push_back(fullPath);
         ids.push_back(getNextId());
     }
+    // Free memory used by fileNames vector
+    {
+        std::vector<String> empty;
+        fileNames.swap(empty);
+    }
+
+    // Create subdirectories in alphabetical order
+    // Use index loop and std::move to free strings in dirNames as we go, reducing stack memory usage during recursion
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < dirNames.size(); ++i)
+    {
+        String dirName = std::move(dirNames[i]); // Move string content out of vector
+        
+        DirectoryNode *newNode = new DirectoryNode(dirName);
+        if (!newNode)
+        {
+            Serial.println(F("buildDirectoryTree: OOM creating DirectoryNode"));
+            continue;
+        }
+        subdirectories.push_back(newNode);
+
+        String childPath;
+        childPath.reserve(dirPath.length() + 1 + dirName.length());
+        if (dirPath == "/")
+        {
+            childPath = "/";
+            childPath += dirName;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            childPath = dirPath;
+            childPath += "/";
+            childPath += dirName;
+        }
+
+        newNode->buildDirectoryTree(childPath.c_str());
+    }
 }
 
 void DirectoryNode::printDirectoryTree(int level) const
 {
     for (int i = 0; i < level; i++)
     {
-        Serial.print("  ");
+        Serial.print(F("  "));
     }
     Serial.println(name);
     
@@ -182,7 +290,7 @@ void DirectoryNode::printDirectoryTree(int level) const
     {
         for (int i = 0; i <= level; i++)
         {
-            Serial.print("  ");
+            Serial.print(F("  "));
         }
         Serial.println(mp3File);
     }
@@ -219,7 +327,7 @@ void DirectoryNode::advanceToFirstMP3InThisNode()
 {
     if (mp3Files.size() > 0)
     {
-        setCurrentPlaying(&mp3Files[0]);
+        setCurrentPlaying(mp3Files[0]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -231,7 +339,8 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToMP3(const uint16_t id)
         if (id == ids[i])
         {
             // Found the current MP3 file
-            currentPlaying = &mp3Files[i];
+            buildFullPath(mp3Files[i], buffer, buffer_size);
+            currentPlaying = String(buffer);  // Convert back to String for assignment
             currentPlayingId = id;
             return this;
         }
@@ -249,57 +358,60 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToMP3(const uint16_t id)
 
         // Recursively search in subdirectory
         DirectoryNode *result = subdir->advanceToMP3(id);
-        if (result != nullptr && result->getCurrentPlaying() != nullptr)
+        if (result != nullptr && !result->getCurrentPlaying().isEmpty())
         {
             return result;
         }
     }
 
     // If we get here, no song with this ID was found
-    Serial.println("advanceToMP3: No song found for ID: " + String(id));
+    Serial.print(F("advanceToMP3: No song found for ID: "));
+    Serial.println(id);
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToMP3(const String *songName)
+DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToMP3(const String &songName)
 {
-    if (songName == nullptr)
+    if (songName.isEmpty())
     {
-        Serial.println("advanceToMP3: songName is null");
+        Serial.println(F("advanceToMP3: songName is empty"));
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     // Check if the input is an absolute path (starts with '/') or just a filename
-    bool isAbsolutePath = songName->startsWith("/");
+    bool isAbsolutePath = songName.startsWith("/");
     // Normalize trailing slash for absolute folder path targets
-    String normalizedPath = *songName;
+    String normalizedPath = songName;
     if (isAbsolutePath && normalizedPath.length() > 1 && normalizedPath.endsWith("/"))
     {
         normalizedPath.remove(normalizedPath.length() - 1);
     }
     // Lowercased copies for case-insensitive comparisons (FAT can uppercase names)
-    String lowTarget = *songName;
+    String lowTarget = songName;
     lowTarget.toLowerCase();
-    String lowNormPath = normalizedPath;
-    lowNormPath.toLowerCase();
 
     // First, search in the current directory's MP3 files
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mp3Files.size(); i++)
     {
         if (isAbsolutePath)
         {
-            if (mp3Files[i].equalsIgnoreCase(*songName))
+            // Use static buffer for path building and comparison
+            buildFullPath(mp3Files[i], buffer, buffer_size);
+            if (comparePathWithString(buffer, songName))
             {
-                setCurrentPlaying(&mp3Files[i]);
+                setCurrentPlaying(mp3Files[i]);
                 return this;
             }
         }
         else
         {
-            String f = mp3Files[i];
+            // Use static buffer for comparison without allocation
-            f.toLowerCase();
+            buildFullPath(mp3Files[i], buffer, buffer_size);
-            if (f.endsWith(lowTarget))
+            size_t bufLen = strlen(buffer);
+            size_t targetLen = lowTarget.length();
+            if (bufLen >= targetLen && strcasecmp(buffer + bufLen - targetLen, lowTarget.c_str()) == 0)
             {
-                setCurrentPlaying(&mp3Files[i]);
+                setCurrentPlaying(mp3Files[i]);
                 return this;
             }
         }
@@ -308,20 +420,17 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToMP3(const String *songName)
     // Then search in subdirectories
     for (auto subdir : subdirectories)
     {
-        // Absolute folder target: match directory by its full path derived from its files
+        // Absolute folder target: match directory by its full path (dirPath)
-        if (isAbsolutePath && subdir->mp3Files.size() > 0)
+        if (isAbsolutePath)
         {
-            String anyFile = subdir->mp3Files[0];
+            if (subdir->getDirPath().equalsIgnoreCase(normalizedPath))
-            int lastSlash = anyFile.lastIndexOf('/');
-            String subdirPath = (lastSlash >= 0) ? anyFile.substring(0, lastSlash) : String();
-            if (subdirPath.equalsIgnoreCase(normalizedPath))
             {
                 subdir->advanceToFirstMP3InThisNode();
                 return subdir;
             }
         }
 
-        if (!isAbsolutePath && subdir->getName().equalsIgnoreCase(*songName))
+        if (!isAbsolutePath && subdir->getName().equalsIgnoreCase(songName))
         {
             subdir->advanceToFirstMP3InThisNode();
             return subdir;
@@ -333,19 +442,21 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToMP3(const String *songName)
 
             if (isAbsolutePath)
             {
-                if (subdir->mp3Files[i].equalsIgnoreCase(*songName))
+                if (subdir->buildFullPath(subdir->mp3Files[i]).equalsIgnoreCase(songName))
                 {
-                    subdir->setCurrentPlaying(&subdir->mp3Files[i]);
+                    subdir->setCurrentPlaying(subdir->mp3Files[i]);
                     return subdir;
                 }
             }
             else
             {
-                String f = subdir->mp3Files[i];
+                // Check suffix case-insensitively without creating new Strings
-                f.toLowerCase();
+                const String& fName = subdir->mp3Files[i];
-                if (f.endsWith(lowTarget))
+                size_t fLen = fName.length();
+                size_t targetLen = lowTarget.length();
+                if (fLen >= targetLen && strcasecmp(fName.c_str() + fLen - targetLen, lowTarget.c_str()) == 0)
                 {
-                    subdir->setCurrentPlaying(&subdir->mp3Files[i]);
+                    subdir->setCurrentPlaying(subdir->mp3Files[i]);
                     return subdir;
                 }
             }
@@ -359,7 +470,8 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToMP3(const String *songName)
     }
 
     // If we get here, no matching song was found
-    Serial.println("advanceToMP3: No song found for: " + *songName);
+    Serial.print(F("advanceToMP3: No song found for: "));
+    Serial.println(songName);
     return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -374,16 +486,16 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToMP3(const String *songName)
 DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::goToPreviousMP3(uint32_t thresholdSeconds)
 {
     // Safety check for null pointer
-    if (currentPlaying == nullptr)
+    if (currentPlaying.isEmpty())
     {
-        Serial.println("goToPreviousMP3: currentPlaying is null");
+        Serial.println(F("goToPreviousMP3: currentPlaying is empty"));
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     // If we've been playing for more than threshold seconds, restart current song
     if (secondsPlayed > thresholdSeconds)
     {
-        Serial.println("goToPreviousMP3: Restarting current song (played > threshold)");
+        Serial.println(F("goToPreviousMP3: Restarting current song (played > threshold)"));
         return this;
     }
 
@@ -391,7 +503,8 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::goToPreviousMP3(uint32_t thresholdSeconds)
     int currentIndex = -1;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mp3Files.size(); i++)
     {
-        if (*currentPlaying == mp3Files[i])
+        buildFullPath(mp3Files[i], buffer, buffer_size);
+        if (comparePathWithString(buffer, currentPlaying))
         {
             currentIndex = i;
             break;
@@ -401,23 +514,23 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::goToPreviousMP3(uint32_t thresholdSeconds)
     // If current song found and not the first song, move to previous
     if (currentIndex > 0)
     {
-        Serial.print("goToPreviousMP3: Moving to previous song in same directory: ");
+        Serial.print(F("goToPreviousMP3: Moving to previous song in same directory: "));
         Serial.println(mp3Files[currentIndex - 1]);
-        setCurrentPlaying(&mp3Files[currentIndex - 1]);
+        setCurrentPlaying(mp3Files[currentIndex - 1]);
         return this;
     }
 
     // If we're at the first song or song not found in current directory,
     // we need to find the previous song globally
-    Serial.println("goToPreviousMP3: At first song or song not found, looking for previous globally");
+    Serial.println(F("goToPreviousMP3: At first song or song not found, looking for previous globally"));
     return nullptr; // Let the caller handle global previous logic
 }
 
-DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::findPreviousMP3Globally(const String *currentGlobal)
+DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::findPreviousMP3Globally(const String &currentGlobal)
 {
-    if (currentGlobal == nullptr)
+    if (currentGlobal.isEmpty())
     {
-        Serial.println("findPreviousMP3Globally: currentGlobal is null");
+        Serial.println(F("findPreviousMP3Globally: currentGlobal is null"));
         return nullptr;
     }
 
@@ -431,7 +544,9 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::findPreviousMP3Globally(const String *currentGloba
     {
         DirectoryNode *node = allMP3s[i].first;
         int fileIndex = allMP3s[i].second;
-        if (node->mp3Files[fileIndex] == *currentGlobal)
+        
+        node->buildFullPath(node->mp3Files[fileIndex], buffer, buffer_size);
+        if (comparePathWithString(buffer, currentGlobal))
         {
             currentGlobalIndex = i;
             break;
@@ -444,23 +559,31 @@ DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::findPreviousMP3Globally(const String *currentGloba
         DirectoryNode *prevNode = allMP3s[currentGlobalIndex - 1].first;
         int prevFileIndex = allMP3s[currentGlobalIndex - 1].second;
         
-        Serial.print("findPreviousMP3Globally: Moving to previous song globally: ");
+        prevNode->buildFullPath(prevNode->mp3Files[prevFileIndex], buffer, buffer_size);
-        Serial.println(prevNode->mp3Files[prevFileIndex]);
         
-        prevNode->setCurrentPlaying(&prevNode->mp3Files[prevFileIndex]);
+        Serial.print(F("findPreviousMP3Globally: Moving to previous song globally: "));
+        Serial.println(buffer);
+        
+        prevNode->setCurrentPlaying(prevNode->mp3Files[prevFileIndex]);
         return prevNode;
     }
 
-    Serial.println("findPreviousMP3Globally: No previous song found globally");
+    Serial.println(F("findPreviousMP3Globally: No previous song found globally"));
     return nullptr;
 }
 
 void DirectoryNode::buildFlatMP3List(std::vector<std::pair<DirectoryNode *, int>> &allMP3s)
 {
+
+#ifdef DEBUG      
+    Serial.println("Building flat mp3 list for folder");
+#endif
+    // Pre-reserve to reduce reallocations
+    allMP3s.reserve(allMP3s.size() + mp3Files.size());
     // Add all MP3 files from this directory
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mp3Files.size(); i++)
     {
-        allMP3s.push_back(std::make_pair(this, i));
+        allMP3s.emplace_back(this, i);
     }
 
     // Recursively add MP3 files from subdirectories
@@ -470,126 +593,64 @@ void DirectoryNode::buildFlatMP3List(std::vector<std::pair<DirectoryNode *, int>
     }
 }
 
-const size_t DirectoryNode::getNumOfFiles()
+size_t DirectoryNode::getNumOfFiles() const
 {
     return subdirectories.size();
 }
 
-DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToNextMP3(const String *currentGlobal)
+DirectoryNode *DirectoryNode::advanceToNextMP3(const String &currentGlobal)
 {
-    bool useFirst = false;
+    Serial.println(currentGlobal.c_str());
-    Serial.println(currentGlobal->c_str());
+
-    if (currentGlobal != nullptr)
+    // Build a flat list of all MP3 files in order to correctly find the next one across directories
+    std::vector<std::pair<DirectoryNode *, int>> allMP3s;
+    buildFlatMP3List(allMP3s);
+
+    if (allMP3s.empty())
     {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < mp3Files.size(); i++)
+        Serial.println(F("advanceToNextMP3: No MP3s found in tree"));
+        currentPlaying = "";
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    int currentIndex = -1;
+    if (!currentGlobal.isEmpty())
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < allMP3s.size(); i++)
         {
-            if (*currentGlobal == mp3Files[i])
+            DirectoryNode *node = allMP3s[i].first;
+            int fileIndex = allMP3s[i].second;
+            
+            node->buildFullPath(node->mp3Files[fileIndex], buffer, buffer_size);
+            if (comparePathWithString(buffer, currentGlobal))
             {
-                // Found the current playing MP3 file
+                currentIndex = (int)i;
-                if (i < mp3Files.size() - 1)
-                {
-                    // Advance to the next MP3 file in the same directory
-                    setCurrentPlaying(&mp3Files[i + 1]);
-                    return this;
-                }
-                useFirst = true;
-                // Reached the end of the MP3 files in the directory
                 break;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    // We are either not playing, or we've exhausted all the MP3 files in this directory.
+    // If current song found and not the last one, move to next
-    // Therefore, we need to recursively look in our subdirectories.
+    if (currentIndex >= 0 && currentIndex < (int)allMP3s.size() - 1)
-    for (auto subdir : subdirectories)
     {
+        DirectoryNode *nextNode = allMP3s[currentIndex + 1].first;
+        int nextFileIndex = allMP3s[currentIndex + 1].second;
         
-        if (useFirst && subdir->mp3Files.size() > 0)
+        nextNode->setCurrentPlaying(nextNode->mp3Files[nextFileIndex]);
-        {
+        return nextNode;
-            subdir->setCurrentPlaying(&subdir->mp3Files[0]);
-            return subdir;
-        }
-
-        // Have each subdirectory advance its song
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < subdir->mp3Files.size(); i++)
-        {
-            if (*currentGlobal == subdir->mp3Files[i])
-            {
-                // Found the current playing MP3 file
-                if (i < subdir->mp3Files.size() - 1)
-                {
-                    // Advance to the next MP3 file in the same directory
-                    subdir->setCurrentPlaying(&subdir->mp3Files[i + 1]);
-                    return subdir;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    useFirst = true;
-                }
-                // Reached the end of the MP3 files in the directory
-                break;
-            }
-        }
     }
     
-    // If we get here, there were no MP3 files or subdirectories left to check
+    // If not playing anything (start), play first
-    currentPlaying = nullptr;
+    if (currentIndex == -1 && currentGlobal.isEmpty())
-    Serial.println("no more nodes found");
+    {
+        DirectoryNode *nextNode = allMP3s[0].first;
+        int nextFileIndex = allMP3s[0].second;
+        nextNode->setCurrentPlaying(nextNode->mp3Files[nextFileIndex]);
+        return nextNode;
+    }
+
+    // If we get here, either we are at the last song, or the current song was not found
+    currentPlaying = "";
+    Serial.println(F("no more nodes found"));
     return this;
 }
-
-
-void DirectoryNode::streamDirectoryHTML(Print &out) const {
-    if (name == "/") {
-        out.println(F("<ul>"));
-    }
-
-    if (name != "/") {
-        out.print(F("<li data-id=\""));
-        out.print(id);
-        out.print(F("\"><b>"));
-        out.print(name);
-        out.println(F("</b></li>"));
-        delay(0);  // Yield to allow network stack to send buffered data
-    }
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < mp3Files.size(); i++) {
-        out.print(F("<li data-id=\""));
-        out.print(ids[i]);
-        out.print(F("\">"));
-        out.print(mp3Files[i]);
-        out.println(F("</li>"));
-        
-        // Yield every few items to allow the async web server to send buffered data
-        if (i % 5 == 4) {
-            delay(1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (DirectoryNode* child : subdirectories) {
-        child->streamDirectoryHTML(out);
-    }
-
-    if (name == "/") {
-        out.println(F("</ul>"));
-        delay(0);  // Final yield before completing
-    }
-}
-
-
-void DirectoryNode::appendIndentation(String &html, int level) const
-{
-    for (int i = 0; i < level; i++)
-    {
-        html.concat("  ");
-    }
-}
-
-String DirectoryNode::getCurrentPlayingFilePath() const
-{
-    if (currentPlaying != nullptr)
-    {
-        return *currentPlaying;
-    }
-    return "";
-}

src/DirectoryNode.h

@@ -14,13 +14,20 @@ class DirectoryNode {
 private:
   uint16_t id;
   String name;
+  String dirPath;
   std::vector<DirectoryNode*> subdirectories;
   std::vector<String> mp3Files;
   std::vector<uint16_t> ids;
-  const String* currentPlaying;
+  static const size_t path_size = 256;
+  String currentPlaying;
   uint16_t currentPlayingId = 0;
   uint16_t secondsPlayed = 0;
+  static const size_t buffer_size = path_size;
+  static char buffer[buffer_size];
   
+  String buildFullPath(const String& fileName) const;
+  void buildFullPath(const String &fileName, char* buffer, size_t bufferSize) const;
+  bool comparePathWithString(const char* path, const String& target) const;
 
    
 
@@ -34,15 +41,17 @@ public:
   const uint16_t getId() const;
   const std::vector<DirectoryNode*>& getSubdirectories() const;
   const std::vector<String>& getMP3Files() const;
+  const String& getDirPath() const;
+  uint16_t getFileIdAt(size_t i) const;
 
-  const size_t getNumOfFiles();
+  size_t getNumOfFiles() const;
 
-  void setCurrentPlaying(const String* mp3File);
+  void setCurrentPlaying(const String& mp3File);
-  const String* getCurrentPlaying() const;
+  const String& getCurrentPlaying() const;
   const uint16_t getCurrentPlayingId() const;
 
   void setSecondsPlayed(const uint32_t seconds);
-  uint32_t getSecondsPlayed();
+  uint32_t getSecondsPlayed() const;
 
   uint16_t getNextId();
 
@@ -50,17 +59,14 @@ public:
   void addMP3File(const String& mp3File);
   void buildDirectoryTree(const char* currentPath);
   void printDirectoryTree(int level = 0) const;
-  DirectoryNode* advanceToMP3(const String* songName);
+  DirectoryNode* advanceToMP3(const String& songName);
-  DirectoryNode* advanceToNextMP3(const String* currentGlobal);
+  DirectoryNode* advanceToNextMP3(const String& currentGlobal);
   DirectoryNode* goToPreviousMP3(uint32_t thresholdSeconds = 3);
-  DirectoryNode* findPreviousMP3Globally(const String* currentGlobal);
+  DirectoryNode* findPreviousMP3Globally(const String& currentGlobal);
   void buildFlatMP3List(std::vector<std::pair<DirectoryNode*, int>>& allMP3s);
   DirectoryNode* advanceToMP3(const uint16_t id);
   void advanceToFirstMP3InThisNode();
-  void streamDirectoryHTML(Print &out) const;
-  void appendIndentation(String& html, int level) const;
   DirectoryNode* findFirstDirectoryWithMP3s();
-  String getCurrentPlayingFilePath() const;
 };
 
 

src/DirectoryWalker.h

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#ifndef DIRECTORY_WALKER_H
+#define DIRECTORY_WALKER_H
+
+#include <Arduino.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include "DirectoryNode.h"
+
+struct WalkerState {
+    const DirectoryNode* node;
+    uint8_t phase; // 0: Start, 1: Files, 2: Subdirs, 3: End
+    size_t idx;    // Index for vectors
+    
+    WalkerState(const DirectoryNode* n) : node(n), phase(0), idx(0) {}
+};
+
+class DirectoryWalker {
+private:
+    std::vector<WalkerState> stack;
+    String pending;
+    size_t pendingOffset;
+
+    void generateNext() {
+        if (stack.empty()) return;
+
+        WalkerState& state = stack.back();
+        const DirectoryNode* node = state.node;
+
+        switch (state.phase) {
+            case 0: // Start
+                if (node->getName() == "/") {
+                    pending += F("<ul>\r\n");
+                } else {
+                    pending += F("<li data-id=\"");
+                    pending += String(node->getId());
+                    pending += F("\"><b>");
+                    pending += node->getName();
+                    pending += F("</b></li>\r\n");
+                }
+                state.phase = 1;
+                state.idx = 0;
+                break;
+
+            case 1: // Files
+                if (state.idx < node->getMP3Files().size()) {
+                    pending += F("<li data-id=\"");
+                    pending += String(node->getFileIdAt(state.idx));
+                    pending += F("\">");
+                    pending += node->getMP3Files()[state.idx];
+                    pending += F("</li>\r\n");
+                    state.idx++;
+                } else {
+                    state.phase = 2;
+                    state.idx = 0;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 2: // Subdirs
+                if (state.idx < node->getSubdirectories().size()) {
+                    // Push child
+                    const DirectoryNode* child = node->getSubdirectories()[state.idx];
+                    state.idx++; // Advance index for when we return
+                    stack.emplace_back(child);
+                    // Next loop will process the child (Phase 0)
+                } else {
+                    state.phase = 3;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 3: // End
+                if (node->getName() == "/") {
+                    pending += F("</ul>\r\n");
+                }
+                stack.pop_back();
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+public:
+    DirectoryWalker(const DirectoryNode* root) : pendingOffset(0) {
+        if (root) {
+            stack.emplace_back(root);
+            // Reserve some space for pending string to avoid frequent reallocations
+            pending.reserve(256);
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t read(uint8_t* buffer, size_t maxLen) {
+        size_t written = 0;
+
+        while (written < maxLen) {
+            // If pending buffer is empty or fully consumed, generate more
+            if (pending.length() == 0 || pendingOffset >= pending.length()) {
+                pending = ""; // Reset string content (capacity is kept)
+                pendingOffset = 0;
+                
+                if (stack.empty()) {
+                    break; // Done
+                }
+                generateNext();
+            }
+
+            // Copy from pending to output buffer
+            if (pending.length() > pendingOffset) {
+                size_t available = pending.length() - pendingOffset;
+                size_t toCopy = std::min(available, maxLen - written);
+                memcpy(buffer + written, pending.c_str() + pendingOffset, toCopy);
+                written += toCopy;
+                pendingOffset += toCopy;
+            }
+        }
+        return written;
+    }
+};
+
+#endif

src/globals.h

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ static const char* hdr_connection_key = "Connection";
 
 static const char* hdr_connection_val = "close";
 
-
+const size_t buffer_size = 80;
 
 
 /*

src/main.h

@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@
 
 #define MAX_VOL 15
 
-//#define DEBUG TRUE
-
 File root;
 File mp3File;
 
@@ -81,6 +79,8 @@ bool asyncNext = false;
 
 bool asyncPrev = false;
 
+bool asyncReset = false;
+
 bool SDActive = false;
 
 bool RFIDActive = false;
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ bool RFIDActive = false;
 volatile uint32_t webreq_cnt = 0;
 static inline void webreq_enter() { __sync_add_and_fetch(&webreq_cnt, 1); }
 static inline void webreq_exit()  { __sync_sub_and_fetch(&webreq_cnt, 1); }
+volatile bool server_reset_pending = false;
 
 uint16_t voltage_threshold_counter = 0;
 
@@ -113,7 +114,6 @@ void init_webserver();
 
 boolean buttonPressed(const uint8_t pin);
 
-const String getSysDir(const String filename);
 
 /**
  * Helper routine to dump a byte array as hex values to Serial.
@@ -212,9 +212,11 @@ std::map<String, MappingEntry> rfid_map;
 
 // Folder-play helper: when a mapping requests "folder only" playback we keep
 // track of the folder root node so EOF handling can advance only inside that folder.
-bool folderModeActive = false;
+bool folderModeActive = true;
 
 bool pendingSeek = false;
 uint32_t pendingSeekSeconds = 0;
 
+static const size_t MAX_DEPTH = 32;
+
 #endif

web/index.html

@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@
           <h1>HannaBox</h1>
         </div>
       </div>
-      <div class="status" id="state">—</div>
+      <div class="header-status-group">
+        <div id="batteryStatus" class="battery-status" title="Battery"></div>
+        <div class="status" id="state">—</div>
+      </div>
     </header>
 
     <main class="container">
@@ -118,8 +121,8 @@
             <div>
               <label for="mode">Mode:</label>
               <select id="mode" name="mode">
-                <option value="s">Single (play selected song / file)</option>
                 <option value="f">Folder (play selected folder, then stop)</option>
+                <option value="s">Single (play selected song / file)</option>                
                 <option value="r">Random (randomize order in folder, then stop)</option>
                 <option value="c">Continuous (continuous playback / loop folder)</option>
               </select>
@@ -148,6 +151,11 @@
             </div>
             <button type="button" class="action-btn" style="grid-column: 1 / -1;" onclick="deleteFileOnServer()">Delete</button>
           </form>
+
+          <h4>System</h4>
+          <div style="display: flex; gap: 10px; flex-wrap: wrap;">
+            <button class="action-btn" style="background-color: #ef4444;" onclick="resetWifi()">Reset WiFi Settings</button>
+          </div>
         </div>
       </aside>
     </main>

web/script.js

@@ -115,6 +115,24 @@ function loadDirectory() {
   xhr.send();
 }
 
+function resetWifi() {
+  if (!confirm('Are you sure you want to reset WiFi settings? The device will restart and create an access point.')) {
+    return;
+  }
+  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
+  xhr.open('POST', '/reset_wifi', true);
+  xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
+    if (xhr.readyState === 4) {
+      if (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) {
+        alert('WiFi settings reset. Device is restarting...');
+      } else {
+        alert('Reset failed: ' + (xhr.responseText || 'Unknown error'));
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  xhr.send();
+}
+
 function loadMapping() {
   var el = document.getElementById('mappingList');
   if (!el) return;
@@ -241,6 +259,25 @@ function displayState(state) {
  var voltageEl = document.getElementById("voltage");
  if (voltageEl) voltageEl.innerHTML = (state['voltage'] || '') + ' mV';
 
+ // Update header battery indicator
+ var headerBattery = document.getElementById("batteryStatus");
+ if (headerBattery) {
+   var mv = state['voltage'] || 0;
+   if (mv > 0) {
+     // Estimate percentage for single cell LiPo (approx 3.3V - 4.2V)
+     var pct = Math.round((mv - 3300) / (4200 - 3300) * 100);
+     if (pct < 0) pct = 0;
+     if (pct > 100) pct = 100;
+     
+     headerBattery.innerHTML = 
+       '<svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="opacity:0.7"><path d="M16 4h-1V2a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v2H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2z"/></svg>' +
+       '<span>' + pct + '%</span>';
+     headerBattery.title = mv + ' mV';
+   } else {
+     headerBattery.innerHTML = '';
+   }
+ }
+
  var heapEl = document.getElementById("heap");
  if (heapEl) heapEl.innerHTML = (state['heap'] || '') + ' bytes free heap';
 

web/style.css

@@ -62,6 +62,19 @@ a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: none; }
   margin-top: 2px;
 }
 
+.battery-status {
+  font-size: 0.9rem;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.5);
+  padding: 4px 8px;
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
+}
+
 /* Status (current song) */
 .status {
   color: var(--muted);